الاثنين، 1 أكتوبر 2012

Homework3

*Explain what is meant by the following and show their role when it comes to network reliability:

Bit errors: class of failure.  a 1 is turned into a 0 or vice versa.

Packet loss: a complete packet is lost by the network.

 

*Explain the role of encapsulation in network design?

a method of designing modular communication protocols in which logically separate functions in the network are abstrscted from their unerlying structures by inclusion or information hiding within higher level objects.

 

*T/F: the process of encapsulation is repeated at each level (explain how):


*T/F: in networking systems, peer-to-peer communication is almost always indirect (explain how)?

 True, The hardware level where peers directly communicate  with each other over a link, peer-to-peer communication is indirect. each protocol communicates with its peer by passing messages to some lower-level protocol.

*Write about: Process-to-process communication vs host -to-host communication?

 

*Define the following terms (as referred to in the text book):


Protocol: A protocol provides a communication service that higher-level objects, use to exchange messages.

Frame: The message delivered to the end lost.

Packet: Blocks of data as corresponding to some piece of application data such as a file , apiece of emai.

Header: A small data structure, that is used among peers to communicate with each other 

Trailer: Control information is sent at the end of the messages.

OSI architecture: One of the first organizetion to formally define a common way to connect computers.

TCP/IP architecture: Is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet. (
Architecture: A blueprints that guide the design and implementation of network.

TCP: Provide a reliable byte-stream channel.

IP: Protocol that supports the interconnection of multiple networking technologies into a single logical internetwork.

Propagation delay: is the amount of time it takes for the head of the signal to travel from the sender to the receiver.

Transmission delay: the delay caused by the data-rate of the link.

Queuing delay: is the time a job waits in a queue until it can be executed. 

Bandwidth: a measure of the width of a range of frequencies.

Latency: is an expression of how much time it takes for a packet of data to get from one designated point to another.

RTT: Is the length of time it takes for a signal to be sent plus the length of time it takes for an acknowledgment of that signal to be received.

 

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