Homework3
*Explain what is meant by the following and show their role when it comes to network reliability:
Bit errors: class of failure. a 1 is turned into a 0 or vice versa.
Packet loss: a complete packet is lost by the network.
*Explain the role of encapsulation in network design?
a method of designing modular communication protocols in which logically separate functions in the network are abstrscted from their unerlying structures by inclusion or information hiding within higher level objects.
*T/F: the process of encapsulation is repeated at each level (explain how):
*T/F: in networking systems, peer-to-peer communication is almost always indirect (explain how)?
True, The hardware level where peers directly communicate with each other over a link, peer-to-peer communication is indirect. each protocol communicates with its peer by passing messages to some lower-level protocol.
*Write about: Process-to-process communication vs host -to-host communication?
*Define the following terms (as referred to in the text book):
Protocol: A protocol provides a communication service that higher-level objects, use to exchange messages.
Frame: The message delivered to the end lost.
Packet: Blocks of data as corresponding to some piece of application data such as a file , apiece of emai.
Header: A small data structure, that is used among peers to communicate with each other
Trailer: Control information is sent at the end of the messages.
OSI architecture: One of the first organizetion to formally define a common way to connect computers.
TCP/IP architecture: Is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet. (
Architecture: A blueprints that guide the design and implementation of network.
TCP: Provide a reliable byte-stream channel.
IP: Protocol that supports the interconnection of multiple networking technologies into a single logical internetwork.
Propagation delay: is the amount of time it takes for the head of the signal to travel from the sender to the receiver.
Transmission delay: the delay caused by the data-rate of the link.
Queuing delay: is the time a job waits in a queue until it can be executed.
Bandwidth: a measure of the width of a range of frequencies.
Latency: is an expression of how much time it takes for a packet of data to get from one designated point to another.
RTT: Is the length of time it takes for a signal to be sent plus the length of time it takes for an acknowledgment of that signal to be received.
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